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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that natural processes can cause organisms to evolve over time. This includes the appearance and growth of new species.

This has been demonstrated by numerous examples such as the stickleback fish species that can live in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect species that are apprehensive about particular host plants. These mostly reversible trait permutations, however, cannot be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution by Natural Selection

The development of the myriad living organisms on Earth is a mystery that has fascinated scientists for centuries. The best-established explanation is Charles Darwin's natural selection, which occurs when better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce more effectively than those less well adapted. Over time, a community of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually becomes a new species.

Natural selection is a process that is cyclical and involves the interaction of 3 factors that are: reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutations and sexual reproduction both of which enhance the genetic diversity within an animal species. Inheritance refers the transmission of a person's genetic traits, including both dominant and recessive genes, to their offspring. Reproduction is the generation of viable, fertile offspring, which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all these elements are in equilibrium. If, for instance, a dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and last longer than the recessive allele The dominant allele will become more common in a population. But if the allele confers an unfavorable survival advantage or decreases fertility, it will be eliminated from the population. The process is self-reinforcing, which means that an organism that has a beneficial trait is more likely to survive and reproduce than an individual with a maladaptive trait. The more offspring an organism can produce the more fit it is that is determined by its ability to reproduce itself and live. People with good traits, like having a long neck in the giraffe, or bright white patterns on male peacocks are more likely than others to reproduce and survive, which will eventually lead to them becoming the majority.

Natural selection is only an aspect of populations and not on individuals. This is a significant distinction from the Lamarckian theory of evolution, which argues that animals acquire traits through use or neglect. If a giraffe expands its neck in order to catch prey and the neck grows longer, then its offspring will inherit this trait. The differences in neck length between generations will persist until the giraffe's neck becomes too long to no longer breed with other giraffes.

Evolution through Genetic Drift

In genetic drift, alleles at a gene may reach different frequencies in a group due to random events. Eventually, one of them will attain fixation (become so common that it cannot be removed through natural selection), while the other alleles drop to lower frequencies. In extreme cases this, it leads to dominance of a single allele. The other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has decreased to zero. In a small group this could result in the total elimination of recessive alleles. This scenario is called the bottleneck effect and is typical of an evolutionary process that occurs when a large number individuals migrate to form a population.

A phenotypic 'bottleneck' can also occur when the survivors of a disaster like an outbreak or mass hunting incident are concentrated in a small area. The survivors will have a dominant allele and thus will have the same phenotype. This situation might be caused by a war, an earthquake or even a cholera outbreak. Whatever the reason, the genetically distinct population that is left might be prone to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh and Ariew define drift as a deviation from expected values due to differences in fitness. They provide a well-known instance of twins who are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes but one is struck by lightning and dies, while the other lives and reproduces.

This type of drift can play a significant part in the evolution of an organism. But, it's not the only way to progress. Natural selection is the primary alternative, in which mutations and migrations maintain the phenotypic diversity of the population.

Stephens asserts that there is a big difference between treating drift as a force or a cause and treating other causes of evolution such as mutation, selection, and migration as forces or causes. He claims that a causal-process model of drift allows us to distinguish it from other forces and that this distinction is crucial. He also claims that drift is a directional force: that is it tends to reduce heterozygosity. He also claims that it also has a specific magnitude which is determined by the size of population.

click through the up coming website  by Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are often introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution, commonly referred to as “Lamarckism” is based on the idea that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms by inheriting characteristics that are a product of the organism's use and misuse. Lamarckism is illustrated through a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher branches in the trees. This could cause the longer necks of giraffes to be passed onto their offspring who would grow taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th of May in 1802, he introduced a groundbreaking concept that radically challenged the conventional wisdom about organic transformation. According to him living things had evolved from inanimate matter through a series of gradual steps.  read review  was not the first to suggest that this could be the case, but his reputation is widely regarded as being the one who gave the subject his first comprehensive and comprehensive analysis.

The most popular story is that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism were rivals in the 19th century. Darwinism eventually won, leading to the development of what biologists call the Modern Synthesis. This theory denies acquired characteristics are passed down from generation to generation and instead argues organisms evolve by the selective influence of environmental elements, like Natural Selection.

While Lamarck supported the notion of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries also paid lip-service to this notion however, it was not a major feature in any of their evolutionary theorizing. This is due in part to the fact that it was never validated scientifically.

It's been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and, in the age of genomics, there is a large amount of evidence to support the heritability of acquired traits. It is sometimes called "neo-Lamarckism" or more often epigenetic inheritance. It is a form of evolution that is as valid as the more popular neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution through the process of adaptation

One of the most common misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle to survive. In reality, this notion misrepresents natural selection and ignores the other forces that determine the rate of evolution. The struggle for existence is more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a particular environment. This may be a challenge for not just other living things as well as the physical environment itself.

Understanding the concept of adaptation is crucial to comprehend evolution. Adaptation refers to any particular characteristic that allows an organism to survive and reproduce within its environment. It could be a physical feature, like feathers or fur. It could also be a trait of behavior, like moving to the shade during the heat, or moving out to avoid the cold at night.

The survival of an organism depends on its ability to obtain energy from the environment and to interact with other organisms and their physical environments. The organism must have the right genes to produce offspring, and must be able to locate enough food and other resources. Furthermore, the organism needs to be capable of reproducing itself in a way that is optimally within its environmental niche.

These factors, together with mutation and gene flow can result in an alteration in the percentage of alleles (different types of a gene) in the population's gene pool. As time passes, this shift in allele frequencies could result in the development of new traits, and eventually new species.

A lot of the traits we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, like the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, fur or feathers for insulation, long legs for running away from predators and camouflage to hide. However, a complete understanding of adaptation requires paying attention to the distinction between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physical characteristics like thick fur and gills are physical traits. Behavioral adaptations are not, such as the tendency of animals to seek companionship or to retreat into the shade during hot temperatures. In addition, it is important to remember that lack of planning is not a reason to make something an adaptation. A failure to consider the consequences of a decision even if it appears to be rational, may make it inflexible.